نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد تهران شرق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد تهران شرق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

تغییرات انگیزشی با وجود آنچه در گذشته پنداشته می‌شد دیگر به‌عنوان یک پدیده ثابت مد نظر قرار نمی‌گیرد. این تغییرات اکنون به‌عنوان یکی از عناصر تفاوت فردی انگاشته شده‌است که پیوسته تحت تأثیر عوامل بافتی قرار می‌گیرد. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از دیدگاه سیستم پویا و بر اساس نظریه خودانگیزشی زبان دوم دورنیه (۲۰۰۵) برای بررسی تغییرات رفتاری و انگیزشی زبان‌آموزان زن و مرد در سطوح مختلف مهارت زبانی بازه زمانی را مد نظر قرار داده‌است. به این منظور تعداد ۵۹۰ نفر دانشجوی زن و مرد در سطح مبتدی تا متوسطه بالا پرسشنامه عاملی انگیزشی در بازه زمانی یک ماهه و در طول یک نیم‌سال تحصیلی را تکمیل نمودند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که انگیزش دانشجویان احتمالاً تحت اصول سیستم پویا قابل ارزیابی بوده‌است. ما همچنین دریافتیم که انگیزش دانشجویان چگونه در طول بازه زمانی تغییر کرده و چگونه می‌توان این تغییرات را به‌گونه‌ای نسبتاً ثابت پیش‌بینی نمود. افزون بر این، نشان داده شد که پیشرفت‌های رفتاری و انگیزشی تحت تأثیر سطوح مختلف مهارت زبانی و جنسیت دانشجویان قرار گرفته‌ است. کاربردهای آموزشی و پیشنهادهایی برای پژوهش‌های آتی نیز ارائه گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

  1. Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2018). The L2 motivational self system: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 8(4), 721-754. https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.4.2
  2. Cho, Y. G. (2013). L2 Learning Motivation and Its Relationship to Proficiency: A Causal Analysis of University Students’ EIL Discourses. English Teaching, 68(1), 37-68. https://doi.org/ 10.15858/engtea.68.1.201303.37
  3. Csizér, K. & Kormos, J. (2009). Attitudes, selves and motivated learning behaviour: A comparative analysis of structural models for Hungarian secondary and university learners of
  4. English. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-006
  5. de Bot, K. (2015). Rates of change: Time scales in second language development. In Z. Dörnyei, D. MacIntyre, & A. Henry (Eds.), Motivational dynamics in language learning (pp. 29–37). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092574-006
  6. Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second Language acquisition. Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410613349
  7. Dörnyei, Z. (2009). Individual differences: Interplay of learner characteristics and learning environment. Language Learning, 59(1), 230–248.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00542.x
  8. Dörnyei, Z. (2010). The relationship between language aptitude and language learning motivation: Individual differences from a Dynamic Systems perspective. In E. Macaro (Ed.), Continuum companion to second language acquisition (pp. 247–267). Continuum.
  9. Dörnyei, Z. & Chan, L. (2013). Motivation and vision: An analysis of future L2 self images, sensory styles, and imagery capacity across two target languages. Language Learning 63(3), 437–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12005
  10. Dörnyei, Z., Csizér, K., & Németh, N. (2006). Motivation, language attitudes and globalisation: A Hungarian perspective. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853598876
  11. Dörnyei, Z., MacIntyre, P., & Henry, A. (2014). Motivational dynamics. Multilingual Matters.      https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092574
  12. Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. Edward Arnold. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0083787
  13. Dörnyei, Z., MacIntyre, P. D., & Henry, A. (2015). Introduction: Applying complex dynamic systems principles to empirical research on L2 motivation. In Z. Dörnyei, P.D. MacIntyre, & Henry (Eds.), Motivational dynamics in language learning (pp. 1– 10). UK: Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092574-003
  14. Ellis, N. C., & Larsen–Freeman, D. (2006). Language emergence: Implications for applied linguistics – Introduction to the special issue. Applied Linguistics, 27(4), 558–589. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/aml028
  15. Henry, A., & Cliffordson, C. (2013). Motivation, gender, and possible selves. Language Learning, 63(2), 271-295.  https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12009
  16. Higgins, E.T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
  17. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280–130.      https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.52.12.1280
  18. Higgins, E. T. (2014). Beyond pleasure and pain: How motivation works. Oxford University Press.      https://global.oup.com/academic/product/beyond-pleasure-and-
  19. Hiver, P. (2015). Attractor states. In Z. Dörnyei, P. MacIntyre, & A. Henry (Eds.), Motivational dynamics in language learning (pp. 20–28). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2501.8722
  20. Hiver, P. & Al-Hoorie, A.H. (2019). Research methods for complexity theory in applied linguistics. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/HIVER5747
  21. Lamb, M. (2012). A self-system perspective on young adolescents’ motivation to learn English in urban and rural settings. Language Learning, 62(4), 997-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00719.x
  22. Larsen–Freeman, D. (1997). Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18(2), 140–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/18.2.141
  23. Larsen-Freeman, D., & Cameron, L. (2008). Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford University Press. http://elt.oup.com/catalogue/items/global/linguist...
  24. Lee, Y. K., & Ju, U. (2021). Joint trajectories of extrinsic motivation and competence beliefs: A parallel-process growth mixture modeling approach. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 65(4), 361-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101944
  25. MacIntyre, P. D., & Serroul, A. (2015). Motivation on a per-second timescale: Examining approach-avoidance motivation during L2 task performance. In Z. Dörnyei, P. MacIntyre, & Henry (Eds.), Motivational dynamics in language learning (pp. 109-138). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092574-013
  26. Markus, H. R., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969.    https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954
  27. Mercer, S. (2011). Language learner self-concept: Complexity, continuity and change. System, 39(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.07.006
  28. Papi, M. & Hiver, P. (2020). Language learning motivation as a complex dynamic system: A global perspective of truth, control, and value. The Modern Language Journal, 104(1), 209-232.  https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12624
  29. Papi, M. & Teimouri, Y. (2012). Dynamics of selves and motivation: A cross-sectional study in the EFL context of Iran. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 22(3), 287-https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.2012.00312.x
  30. Peng, H., Jager, S., Thorne, S. L., & Lowie, W. (2020). A holistic person-centred approach to mobile-assisted language learning. In W. Lowie, M. Michel, A. Rousse-Malpat, M. Keijzer, & R. Steinkrauss (Eds.), Usage-based dynamics in second language development (pp. 87–106). Multilingual Matters Ltd.      https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1868532
  31. Radford, M. (2008). Prediction, control and the challenge to complexity. Oxford Review of Education, 34(5), 505–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980701772636
  32. Rind, D. (1999). Complexity and climate science. Science, 284(5411), 105-107.  https://doi.org/  10.1126/science.284.5411.105
  33. Roberts, L., & Meyer, A., (2012). Individual differences in second language learning: Introduction. Language Learning, 62(S2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00703.x    
  34. Ryan, S. (2009). Self and identity in L2 motivation in Japan: The ideal L2 self and Japanese learners of English. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identities and the L2 self (pp. 120– 143). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-007
  35. Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988). The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(3), 325-343. https://doi.org/10.1086/209170
  36. Spoelman, M., & Verspoor, M. (2010). Dynamic patterns in development of accuracy and complexity: A longitudinal case study in the acquisition of Finnish. Applied Linguistics, 31(4), 532–553. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amq001
  37. Sylvén, L.K., & Thompson, A.S. (2015). Language learning motivation and CLIL: is there a connection? Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education, 3(1), 28-50. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.3.1.02syl
  38. Taguchi, T., Magid, M., & Papi, M. (2009). The L2 motivational self system amongst Chinese, Japanese and Iranian learners of English: A comparative study. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 66-97). Mulitlingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-005
  39. Tsuchiya, M. (2006). Factors in demotivation of lower proficiency English learners at college. The Kyushu Academy Society of English Language Education (KASELE), 34(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.036
  40. Ushioda, E. (2009). A person-in-context relational view of emergent motivation, self and identity. In Z. Dörnyei, & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 215–228). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-012
  41. Ushioda, E. (2015). Context and complex dynamic systems theory. In Z. Dörnyei, P. MacIntyre, & A. Henry (Eds.), Motivational dynamics in language learning (pp. 47–54). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092574-008
  42. Van Geert, P. L. C. (1995). Growth dynamics in development. In R. F. Port & T. van Gelder (Eds.), Mind as motion: Explorations in the dynamics of cognition (pp. 313–338).  Bradford Books/The MIT Press.
  43. Waninge, F., Dörnyei, Z., & De Bot, K. (2014). Motivational dynamics in language learning: change, stability, and context. The Modern Language Journal, 98(3), 704-723. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2014.12118.x
  44. Wen, X. (2011). Chinese language learning motivation: A comparative study of heritage and non-heritage learners. Heritage Language Journal, 8(3), 41-66. https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.8.3.3
  45. Yashima, T., Nishida, R., & Mizumoto, A. (2017). Influence of learner beliefs and gender on the motivating power of L2 selves. Modern Language Journal, 101(4), 691-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12430
  46. You, C. J., Dörnyei, Z., & Csizer, K. (2016). Motivation, vision, and gender: A survey of learners of English in China. Language Learning, 66(1), 94-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12140
  47. Zheng, Y., Lu, X., & Ren, W. (2020). Tracking the evolution of Chinese learners’ multilingual motivation through a longitudinal Q methodology. Modern Language Journal, 104(4), 781–https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12672