Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 Department of English Translation, Tolou-e Mehr Non-profit Institute of Higher Education, Qom, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

This study examined whether metacognitive and cognitive strategies of self-regulation capability in English as a foreign language (EFL) learners can predict their written lexical retrieval ability in English. The participants were 93 intermediate Iranian EFL learners. Pintrich’s self-regulated learning (SRL) model was adopted as a basis in this research. There are cognitive, metacognitive, affective, motivational, social, and environmental factors at play in this model. The data were collected through Written Productive Translation Task (WPTT) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ); however, only its learning (metacognitive and cognitive) strategy use scale was analyzed. The results of multiple regression analyses showed that both metacognitive and cognitive strategies of self-regulation could significantly predict the participants’ ability to retrieve English written words, but the role of metacognitive strategies was larger. This can guide EFL teachers on how to promote lexical learning, retention and retrieval ability of their students through explicitly teaching them cognitive and particularly metacognitive strategies.

Keywords

Abdel Rahman, R., & Sommer, W. (2003). Does phonological encoding in speech production always follow the retrieval of semantic knowledge? Electrophysiological evidence for parallel processing. Cognitive Brain Research, 16, 372-382.
Abdel Rahman, R., Van Turennout, M., & Levelt, W. J. (2003). Phonological encoding is not contingent on semantic feature retrieval: An electrophysiological study on object naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 850-860.
Abutalebi, J. (2008). Neural aspects of second language representation and language control. Acta Psychologica, 128, 466-478.
Bidjerano, T. (2005, October). Gender differences in self-regulated learning [Paper presentation]. The Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Educational Research Association, Kerhonkson, NY, United States.
Boekaerts, M., & Corno, L. (2005). Self-regulation in the classroom: A perspective on assessment and intervention.  Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(2), 199-231.
Bock, K., & Levelt, W. (1994). Language production: Grammatical encoding. In M. A. Gernsbacher, (Ed.), In Handbook of Psycholinguistics, (pp. 945-984), Academic Press.
Carroll, D. W.  (2008). Psychology of Language (5th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.
Chamot, A. U. (2014, December). Developing self-regulated learning in the language classroom. In W. M. Chan, K. N. Chin, & T. Suthiwan (Eds.), Proceedings of CLaSIC 2014 (pp. 78-88). Singapore University.
Croot, K. (2018). Treatment for lexical retrieval impairments in primary progressive aphasia:
A research update with implications for clinical practice. Seminars in Speech and Language, 39 (3), 242-256.
Cubukcu, F. (2008). Enhancing vocabulary development and reading comprehension through metacognitive strategies. Issues in Educational Research, 18(1), 1-11.
Cumming, A. (1990). Metalinguistic and ideational thinking in second language composing. Written Communication, 7, 482-511.
Cyr, P., & Germain, C. (1998). Les stratégies d’apprentissage. CLE International.
Declerck, M, & Kosmos, J. (2012).The effect of dual task demands and proficiency on second    language speech production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15 (4), 782-796.
Dekeyser, R. M. (2007). Practice in second language: Perspective from applied linguistics and cognitive psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Erlbaum.
Field, J. (2004). Psycholinguistics: The key concepts. Routledge.
Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. The California Academic Press.
Facione, N. C., & Facione, P. A. (1996). Externalizing the critical thinking in knowledge development and clinical judgment. Nursing Outlook, 44(3), 129-136.
Franklin, S, Baars, B. J., Ramamurthy, U., & Ventura, M. (2005). The role of consciousness in memory. Brains, Minds & Media, 1, 1-38.
Gu, Y. P., & Johnson, R. K. (1996). Vocabulary learning strategies and learning outcomes. Language Learning 46(4), 643-679.       
Gulan, T, & Valerjev, P. (2010). Semantic and related types of priming as a context in word recognition. Review of Psychology, 17 (1), 53-58.
Hardi, J. (2014). Assessing young learners’ strategic L2 vocabulary learning in the framework of self-regulation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Szeged.
Hashemi, L., & Thomas, B. (1996). Cambridge practice tests for PET 1: Student’s book. Cambridge University Press.
Hudson, G. (2000). Essential introductory linguistics. Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Jiang, N. (2000). Lexical representation and development in a second language. Applied    Linguistics, 21, 47-77.
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT Press.
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A.S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behav. Brain Sci. 22, 1-38.
Linn, M.C. (2000) Designing the knowledge integration environment. International Journal of Science Education, 22 (8), 781-796.
Loftus, G. R., & Loftus, E. F. (1976). Human memory: The processing of information.      Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Meara, P. (1996). The classical research in vocabulary acquisition: Words, words, words. Multilingual Matters.
Meece, J. L., & Painter, J. (2008). Gender, self-regulation, and motivation. In D. H. Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.). Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research and applications (pp. 339-368). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In R. L. Linn (Ed), Educational measurement (3rd ed., pp. 13-103). American Council on Education and Macmillan.
Mizumoto, A. (2010). Exploring the art of vocabulary learning strategies: A closer look at Japanese EFL university students. Kinseido.
Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge University Press.
Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1990). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings. In G. H. Bower (Ed),  The psychology of learning and motivation, (vol. 26, pp. 125-73). Academic.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Heinle & Heinle.
Pallant. J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (Version 12) (2nd ed.). Allen & Unwin.
Pavičić, T. V. (2008). Vocabulary learning strategies and foreign language acquisition.      Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Pintrich, P. R. (1999). The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 459-470.
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner, (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 452-502). Academic Press.
Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 385-407.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1993). Reliability and predictive validity the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 801-813.
Pintrich, P. R., Wolters, C. A., & Baxter, G. P. (2000). Assessing metacognition and self- regulated learning. In J. C. Impara, G. Schraw, & J. C. Impara (Eds.), Issues in the measurement of metacognition (pp. 43-97). University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Pintrich, P. R., & Zusho, A. (2007). Student motivation and self-regulated learning in the college classroom. In R. P. Perry & J. C. Smart (Eds.), The scholarship of teaching and learning in higher education: An evidence-based perspective (pp. 731-810). Springer.
Prebianca, G. V. V. (2010). Working memory capacity and foreign language speech production: A look at lexical access processes and level of proficiency (Vol. 1). LAP Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co. KG.
Qi, D. S. (1998). An inquiry into language-switching in second language composing processes. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 54, 413-435.
Roelofs, A. (2003). Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: Modeling attentional control in the Stroop task. Psychological Review, 110, 88-125.
Roohani, A., & Khalilian, H.(2012). On the relationship between metacognitive awareness and two aspects of vocabulary knowledge, Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL), 15(1), 97-122.
Schmitt, N. (1997). Vocabulary learning strategies. In N. Schmitt & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp. 199-227).  CUP.
Schunk, D. H. (2005). Self-regulated learning: The educational legacy of Paul R. Pintrich. Educational Psychologist, 40, 85-94.
Smith, V. (1994). Thinking in a foreign language: An investigation into essay writing and   translation by L2 learners. Verlag.
Snellings, P., van Gelderen, A., & de Glopper, K. (2004). Validating a test of second language written lexical retrieval: A new measure of fluency in written language production. Language Testing 21(2) 174- 201.
Sperling, G. (1967). Successive approximations to a model of short-term memory. Acta Psychologica, 27, 285-292.
Wang, L. (2003). Switching to first language among writers with differing second-language proficiency. Journal of Second Language Writing, 12, 347-375.
Wolters, C., Pintrich, P., & Karabenick, S. (2005). Assessing academic self-regulated learning. In K. Moore & L. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 251-270). Springer.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45 (1), 166-83.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Moylan, A. R. (2009). Self-regulation: Where metacognition and motivation intersect. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Handbook of metacognition in education (pp. 299-315). Routledge.
Zimmermann, R. (1989). A partial model of lexical search in L1-L2 translations. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Interlingual processes (pp. 87-103). Gunter Narr Verlag.