Gender and Paratextual Visibility: A Case Study of Iranian Fiction Translators

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 PhD in Translation Studies, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Radical orientation in the feminist movement evoked numerous criticisms calling for a more neutral and non-political paradigm toward women. The urge for visibility is a long-established intersection between gender and translation. Paratexts, as elements outside the text proper, have created a promising avenue for redirecting translators’ visibility outside the textual background. This study sets out to investigate how male and female fiction translators employ their prefaces as an opportunity to elaborate on themselves as translators and their profession as a delicate and serious task. One hundred translators’ prefaces in the fictions translated from English into Persian were analyzed using thematic analysis. The contents of translation- and translator-oriented themes reflected female translators' preference for speaking in the first person and asserting more personal accounts, whereas men preferred the third-person point of view and focused mostly on introducing the original authors and their works. The overall results of this study showed that female and male translators were mostly reluctant to talk about their translation process and its possible challenges or delicacies.

Keywords


  1. Abrams, M. H., & Harpham, G. (2011). A glossary of literary terms. Cengage Learning.
  2. Ahmadian, M., & Rezvani, R. (2010). The role of gender differences on translation quality. Journal of English Studies and Translation, 2, 133-154.
  3. Araghizadeh, E., & Jadidi, E. (2016). The impact of translators’ epistemological belief and gender on their translation quality. English Language Teaching, 9(4), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.5539/ELT.V9N4P24
  4. Arrojo, R. (1995). Feminist, “orgasmic” theories of translation and their contradictions. Tradterm, 2, 67-75. https://doi.org/10.11606/ISSN.23179511.TRADTERM.1995.49916
  5. Asimov, I. (2014). The last answer (E. Haghparast, Trans.). Leonard Lichfield. (Original book published 1980).
  6. Batchelor, K. (2018). Translation and paratext. Routledge.
  7. Bilodeau, I. (2019)Bending conventions: Agency and self-portrayals in Japanese translator commentary. Japan Forum 31(1), 64-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2018.1530280
  8. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 16-20. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  9. Bush, P. (1994).  Quarantine by Juan Goytisolo. Quartet Books.
  10. Chesterman, A. (2009). The name and nature of translator studies. Hermes: Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 42, 13-19. https://doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v22i42.96844
  11. Crichton, M. (2005). The terminal man (B. Eftekhari, Trans.). Alfred, A. Knopf. (Original book published 1972).
  12. Cronin, M. (2010). The translation crowd. [Revista Tradumàtica]. http://www.fti.uab.es/tradumatica/revista/num8/articles/04/04central.htm.
  13. Diachuk, L. (2017). The effect of the translator's gender identity on the adequacy of translation: Contemporary French women’s prose in Ukrainian translations. Studies about Languages, 3(1), 37-51. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.31.18758
  14. Dimitriu, R. (2009). Translators’ prefaces as documentary sources for translation studies. Perspectives—Studies in Translatology, 17(3), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760903255304
  15. Eckerle, J. A. (2007). Prefacing texts, authorizing authors, and constructing selves: The preface as autobiographical space. In M. M. Dowd & J. A. Eckerle (Eds.), Genre and Women’s Life Writing in Early Modern England (pp. 97-114). Ashgate.
  16. Eckerle, M. D. (2016). The preface as autobiographical space in genre and women's life writing in early modern England. Routledge.
  17. Eshelman, D. J. (2007). Feminist translation as interpretation. Translation Review, 74(1), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/07374836.2007.10523960
  18. Faulkner, W. (1999). Absalom, Absalom (S. Hosseini, Trans.). Random House. (Original book published 1936).
  19. Feltrin-Morris, M. (2016). Persuasive spaces: Translators’ prefaces to the Divine Comedy. Forum Italicum, 50(1), 38-49. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0014585816636339
  20. Genette, G. (1997). Paratexts: Thresholds of interpretation (J. E. Lewin, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. (Original book published 1987).
  21. Godayol, P. (1998). Interviewing Carol Maier: A woman in translation. Quaderns: Revista de Traducció, 2, 155-162.
  22. Golding, W. (1990). The spire (J. Mosaed. Trans.). Faber and Faber. (Original book published 1983).
  23. Hermans, T. (1996). The translator’s voice in translated narrative. Target: International Journal of Translation Studies, 8(1), 23-48. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.8.1.03her
  24. Landers, C. E. (2001). Literary translation: A practical guide. Multilingual Matters
  25. Leech, W. (2005). The translator’s visibility: An investigation into public perceptions of the translator and how to raise the translator’s status in the society [Unpublished master’s thesis]. The University of London, UK.
  26. Leonardi, V. (2007). Gender and ideology in translation: Do women and men translate differently? A contrastive analysis from Italian into English. Peter Lang.
  27. LotfiKashmar, L., Maasoum, M. H., & Hashemi, M. R.  (2013). The analysis of the relationship between gender, the theoretical knowledge of translators and their practical translation skills. International Journal of Learning and Applied Linguistics World, 3(4), 201-212. https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1036156.pdf
  28. McRae, E. (2010). The role of translators’ prefaces to contemporary literary translations into English [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Auckland.
  29. Martin, R. M. (2014). Gender(ing) Theory: Rethinking the targets of translation studies in parallel with recent developments in feminism. In J. Santaemilia, (Ed.), Gender, sex, and translation: The manipulation of identities (pp. 27-37).  Routledge.
  30. Matar, H. (2016). The country of men (S. Samiyian, Trans.). Viking. (Original work published 1970).
  31. Matheson, C. (2016). Feather (M. Dana, Trans.). Penguin. (Original work published 1927)
  32. Munday, M. (2008). Style and ideology in translation: Latin American writing in English. Routledge.
  33. Norberg, U. (2012). Literary translators’ comments on their translations in prefaces, and afterwards: The case of contemporary Sweden. In A. Gil-Bardaj, P. Orero, & S. Rovira-Esteva (Eds.), Translation peripheries: Paratextual elements in translation (pp. 101-116). Peter Lang.
  34. Oktar, L., & Yetkiner, N. K. (2012). Different times, different themes in Lady Chatterley’s Lover: A diachronic critical discourse analysis of translator’s prefaces, Neohelicon 39(2), 337-364. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11059-012-0142-0
  35. Panou, D. (2013). Gender differences in translating Jane Austen’s pride and prejudice: The Greek paradigm. Language at the University of Essex conference. Colchester.
  36. Pruneau, A. (2016). Commercial strategies in paratextual features of eighteenth-century children’s book [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
  37. Pym, A. (1995). Venuti’s visibility. Target, 8(1), 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.8.1.12pym
  38. Shamma, T. (2009). Translation and the manipulation of difference: Arabic literature in nineteenth-century England. St. Jerome.
  39. Shamma, T. (2015). The Arabian nights after orientalism: Paratextual sites of reflection and dialogue. In Ş. Bahadır & D. Dizdar (Eds.), Reflexive translation studies ( pp. 177-187). John Benjamins
  40. Simon, S. (1996). Gender in translation: Cultural identity and the politics of transmission. Routledge.
  41. Somers, M. R., & Gibson, G. D. (1993). Reclaiming the epistemological other: Narrative and the social constitution of identity. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/51265
  42. Tahir-Gürçağlar, Ş. (2011). Paratexts. In Y. Gambier& L. C. Doorslaer (Eds.) Handbook of translation studies, (Vol. 2, pp. 113-116). John Benjamins.
  43. Twain, M. (1909). The prince and the pauper (R. Behnam, Trans.). Harper & Brothers. (Original book published 1881).
  44. Venuti, L. (1986). A translator’s invisibility, Criticism: A Quarterly for Literature and Arts, 28(2), 179-212. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/criticism/vol28/iss2/4
  45. Venuti, L. (1995). The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge.
  46. Von Flotow, L. (1997). Translation and gender: Translating in the era of Feminism. University of Ottawa Press.
  47. Warhol, R. (1989). Gendered interventions: Narrative discourse in the Victorian novel. Ohio State University Press.
  48. Wechsler, R. (1998). Performing without a stage: The art of literary translation. Catbird Press.
  49. Wild, O. (2005). The fisher man and his soul (K. Haji Nasrollah, Trans.). Helbling Languages Gmbh. (Original book published 1981).